A blockchain network is a decentralized ledger maintained by many participants. Blocks bundle transactions, and chains ensure order and history. Consensus governs trust without a central authority, making data immutable and auditable. The system is programmable, enabling smart contracts and…

A bid-ask spread in crypto is the gap between the highest price buyers will pay and the lowest price sellers will accept. It reflects liquidity depth, order-book resilience, and price discovery efficiency across markets. Spreads widen with thinner books, higher…